Explain How Lady Macbeth Changes Throughout the Play Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Macbeth† which is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies, Lady Macbeth, a very important character, changed dramatically throughout the play. At first she appeared confident, assertive and the dominant partner. She was cold blooded and cruel but then she became nervous, scared and suicidal. Soon Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship starts to falter. She is the one who influenced and hurried Macbeth to kill Duncan so to have more power, so Macbeth could become king and they could be very wealthy and have a lot of power. At the beginning of the book Macbeth was awarded the position of Thane of Cawdor, but Lady Macbeth wanted more, she wanted to be powerful and rich which is why she and Macbeth decided to kill Duncan at their own house. â€Å"Stop up th’access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visiting’s of nature, Shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between, Th’effect and it† (1.5. 42-45). This is Lady Macbeth asking to have no remorse or fear of what’s about to happen, she’s asking to have strength to carry on with her purpose and dare not stop it. â€Å"Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry, ‘Hold! Hold!’† (1.5.48-52). This quote means that she doesn’t want anyone to interfere with her purpose she wants to keep up with the plan and not let anybody or anything stop her. She seems very confident in herself, she’s asking for these things, strength, no remorse or fear but she is confident that her plan will work so long as nobody interferes. â€Å"Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but as pictures; ‘tis the eye of childhood, That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt† (2.2.56-60). In this quote Lady Macbeth is saying to Macbeth that she will clean up and make it look like Duncan’s guards are the ones who killed him, she’s very assertive here and confident. She appears to be the dominant one because she is taking charge of the situation and finishing the deed. â€Å"Get on your night-gown, lest occasion call us, And show us to be watchers. Be not lost, So poorly in your thoughts† (2.2.73-75). Again in this quote you can really see how Lady Macbeth is taking charge and knows what she’s doing, Macbeth seems wracked with guilt and Lady Macbeth is helping him to see that he needs to act innocent.

Vegan vs Vegetarian

Vegan And Vegetarian Being a vegan in many ways could help the world from suffering the hunger and many more issue such as the global warming, because veganism ideology doesn’t to use even an animal product and not to eat all kind of meat. But sometimes, a vegan mostly becomes an activist of the animal rights, and even worse a vegan sometimes can become very fanatic, for example some of them won’t come to movies which contain an animal in the play, because they know that the animal was being pushed to do the exact scenario.While being a vegetarian is consuming non-meat food, but still can consume any dairy product, such as milks and eggs. And being a vegetarian is only a belief for some people who usually become a vegetarian for some primary target, sometimes it could be to be healthy or for diets only, because based on the research, being a vegetarian is the healthiest diets ever after being a vegan which is healthier. Since being a vegan is more difficult than being a vegetarian, and then I myself assume that most of vegan people must be started from being a vegetarian.So being a vegan is a higher class above a vegetarian, it’s like being a vegan is taking a next step from being a vegetarian, but still there are many people who does be a vegan immediately, means they don’t start from being a vegetarian. In addition, if every people in the world is being vegans, then the world would never suffering the hunger and the stocks of the food can be multiplied by 3, because the food that we used to raised dairy animal isn’t equal to the result of the meat.

Factors Influencing Leadership Styles Essay

Personality Traits A leadership style may become an extension of a leader’s personality. If an individual is outgoing and assertive, he may prefer to communicate directly with subordinates through face-to-face interaction or confrontation, either on a group or individual basis. If he is more reserved, he might choose to lead by example or rely on written communication. Rather than addressing a group as a whole, the reserved leader is probably more comfortable meeting with subordinates on a one-on-one basis to provide individual direction. Level of Control The level to which a leader wishes to maintain control also influences leadership style. Some leaders want to be involved in all aspects of day-to-day operations and decision-making processes, which requires the need for micromanaging. Others may be more trusting of their subordinates or may not want the heavy burden of making all decisions, so they tend to take a more hands-off approach by delegating responsibility. Leaders who choose to delegate may need to create an additional layer of management. Organizational Structure An organisation’s structure and operating methods may dictate the type of leadership style that managers must adopt. Some organisations place heavy emphasis on encouraging contributions or ideas from their members, requiring an open style of leadership where members have a large say in determining their own roles and functions. Other organisations operate with more of a â€Å"my way or the highway† mentality, where leaders dictate direction and deviation or innovation is frowned upon. Experience A leader’s level of experience, both as a leader and with a particular organisation can have an impact on his style. Someone who is new to a leadership role may be more inclined to lead â€Å"by the book† to avoid potential mistakes, while a more experienced leader will often feel more confident in following his own interpretation of rules and regulations. A leader who has been part of an organisation for many years will likely have a better understanding of the organisation’s nuances than a new member, so she may be more comfortable when making decisions.

Google (unionization) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google (unionization) - Essay Example The only indication of employee unrest surfaced on one occasion when Google employees discovered that the Company had been secretly monitoring their activities using concealed cameras on desktop PCs.(Khouieri,2007) but this was easily and quickly dissipated with an offer of increase in pay. From the perspective of key stakeholders however, the lack of unionization is beneficial, especially because it ensures that company operations are unlikely to be held up for too long due to strikes or similar collective action by employees. In a global online environment, that requires constant employee input in updating and maintaining sites and processing applications, any hindrance in the continuous progression of work could be disastrous and affect consumers, advertisers and Google’s partners all over the world. In a competitive environment, consumers have been increasingly discriminating and demanding, thereby requiring employees to be constantly vigilant in developing new products and services. Employees also need to be vigilant in dealing with problems such as the development of viruses and/or impediments in the smooth operation of software applications associated with Google’s search engine, Adsense programs and other technological applications. A strike by employees brought on by unions demanding higher pay or better working conditions for example, would cause these activities to grind to a halt and adversely affect the interests of consumers, many of whom are heavily dependent upon the online environment in their day to day work activities. Any impediment in the work of employees would also hinder the interests of vendors and suppliers who are liable to lose any cost advantages they may be currently enjoying in their relationship with Google. Where management is concerned, the scope for profits of the Company would also be severely affected, because in a competitive online environment, any impediment to employee inputs could result in

2-5 paragraphs on the history of the broadcasting of the U.S. open and Essay

2-5 paragraphs on the history of the broadcasting of the U.S. open and then 2 other seperate ones on the history of the broadcasting of the masters golf tournament - Essay Example n able to broadcast the tournament live in HD in fact, in the year 203, both NBC as well as ESPN planned an unprecedented total of over 35 hours of combined live coverage of the U.S open. The Masters Golf tournament can be said to be a long time spring stable when it comes to the sports TV calendar. The Augusta National Golf club has over the years partnered with CBS and they can be said to have a unique relationship (Gomery, 18). This is because CBS often pays lower than market value for the broadcasting rights. The first time the Masters were televised was in the year 1956 (Gomery 5). CBS has been able to provide the coverage for the masters since it was first gotten in the year 1956. ESPN has, however; also taken the rights doe broadcasting the masters and it has expanded its coverage to around 5 hours each day. The scheduled live team has increased from 2.5 hours to around 18

United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

United Nations - Essay Example ome states together with other interest groups, for instance, have lobbied and convinced others to vote against certain issues of common good and interest of the US. For example, the US proposed amendment to change the Rome Statute so that they could join was opposed by many. These polarization and blocs have, therefore, undermined the original values stood for by the UN as an institution (Patrick & Forman, 2002). Despite these challenges, the UN remains one of the greatest platforms to implement the US multilateralism. With most major global threats such as nuclear and terrorism increasing, forums like the UN are, therefore, important for US. The above complications, therefore, results in the need for smart multilateralism. In implementing this, US have to make some hard decisions and determinations like asking for help but at the same time, not remaining vulnerable. Its leaders and policy makers in the diplomatic forums must also be strategic, consistent in their pursuit and remain respectful. While ensuring all these, they must still find avenues of preventing tyranny in voting blocs, thus, preventing countering its interest and weakening its priorities and efforts (Fallon & Gayle, 2010). In providing best options for achieving best outcomes, the US should, therefore, create a number of options such as; creating alternatives to the following issues of concern. Better human rights, community of democracies transformation, security structures and refurbishment of economic systems at the international levels (Fallon & Gayle, 2010). Fallon, W. J., & Gayle, H. D. (2010). Report of the CSIS Commission on Smart Global Health Policy: A Healthier, Safer, and More Prosperous World. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International

International transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International transport - Essay Example car and bus travel) make estimating the demand for transportation facilities difficult (Wikipedia 2007). This can also reflect on the essential characteristics of the development of models which are to be utilized in estimations of consumer behavior in case of predicting the likely choices between the many non-similar goods available in the market involved in the industry. Daniel McFadden was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work in the development of an important branch of econometrics. Taking into account this marked difference in the general structure of this industry, subtle modifications of existing definitions, for the terms forming the basis of an economics oriented perspective are in order. For instance, the demand can be measured in terms of the number of journeys made or in total distance traveled. This type of an approach also results in an ambiguity, since the demand will vary as the points between which the journeys are undertaken are considered. However, for all practical issues, this will be sufficient. The units of measurement may be ‘passenger-kilometer for public transport or vehicle-kilometer of travel for private transport’ (Wikipedia 2007). Supply on the other hand may be calculated from the capacity of the various supply channels (modes of transport). The price of the goods is measured by the cost of travel, which includes money spent as well as the time expenditure. Here too, the details pertaining to the two points between which travel is carried out, i.e., the departure point and the destination is neglected, or generalized for uniformity. The study undertaken here takes into account the cases of two noted transport industries. The first is one of the most widely noted success stories in the history of the transport industry in recent times. The Indian Railway is the largest commercial employer in the world, having an

Letter to a future student Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter to a future student - Assignment Example This was an exciting time to take this course because many of our discussions were about the state of the economy today. The global economic crisis is a very relevant study in macroeconomics. My experience in working on the integrated project was challenging. I had a difficult time communicating exactly what I wanted to say at times. I studied a major international corporation (McDonalds) for my project. I learned how macroeconomic conditions influence the decisions a big corporation has to make. I also clearly could see that large, multinational corporations are major players in a macroeconomic sense once they are firmly established in some nations. If you want to succeed in this class, the best thing you can do is to learn the vocabulary and keep good notes on the different macroeconomic theories. Learn all you can about Keynes and use this as a reference point for comparing the other theories. If you can keep the theories and vocabulary words sorted out, you are going to be successful in this

Resistance to Change Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resistance to Change - Research Paper Example Robbin (2005) highlights, that one of the causes of organizational resistance to change is structural inertia. In organizations, there are structures, which are built to ensure stability of the firm such as recruitment, training and selection structures etc. these structures are used systematically in the organization to achieve desired goals. When change is introduced in the organization, these structures can inhibit or cause resistance to change so that they can sustain previous stability in the organization (Robbins, 2005). Secondly, group resistance can also cause organizational resistance to change, considering they are made of groups of employees who have norms and cultures, and they can inhibit change in the organization. If people are organized in groups, then any change made by the organization can be resisted because members have influence on each other. The third cause of resistance to change is the threat of established management and power structures in the organization (Sadhu, 2009). There are groups in the organization, which controls the flow of resources, and they might see change as a threat to their power hence resisting the change. These groups are normally comfortable with current situations in organizations and any attempts of change can be resisted with ease because they control the resources and power. Lastly, poor communications in the organization can cause resistance to change

Mexico economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mexico economy - Essay Example 59). The key issues to be watched out for the next year by the Mexican economists are all factors that inhibit the country’s economic growth, as well as its competitiveness in the foreign markets. For example, the country’s economic systems should watch all the constraints of employment, demand, multinational controls constraints as well as monitoring the emerging market economies. In addition, income distribution and consumption patterns of the Mexican economy should be closely be watched to determine the county’s economic position and trends in the upcoming years (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 68). The Mexican economy would unfold with structural reforms that would see the country’s economy pave new ways for investments. However, with the current trends, the Mexican economic accounts is expected to cite a weaker global expansion and further risk reduced competitiveness in a more volatile international markets for Mexican accounts to cope with the emerging market economies (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 52). The United States policy makers in relation to the Mexican unprecedented macroeconomic stability outcome would not want a deteriorating economic performance of the Mexican’ economic as it would directly affect its economy as the two country’s shares common economy patterns. Therefore, the United States policymakers would respond by steering up the Mexican’ economy accounts performance (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 84). The most important information needed in planning for a better future economic development is worth understanding the key players’ political and economic information. Political information for the key players specifically the system of government, recent development, foreign ;policy and bilateral relations information are needed creating the key players competitiveness and future development

National governments and international institutions in relation to Essay

National governments and international institutions in relation to policy on international trade - Essay Example These relations depend on the country a particular business person is importing from or exporting to (Carbaugh, 2004). Countries such as the United States of America are known to enforce some of these policies on imports and exports. Their primary aim is to favor the business people. The same case applies to the United Kingdom. Their import duty rates are reduced to almost nil courtesy of the implemented government policies (Fujita, 1999). The procedure of importing and exporting of goods was also made less complicated. There is known to be high-level trade between countries. Hence, trading tariffs are significantly reduced. Most global business people and corporations feel highly considered since they can sell internationally without any transaction issues. Several national governments have provided open-border options to ease trade across countries that share borders. This policy involves allowing people from neighboring countries to go across borders without having to produce the usual strictly scrutinized legal papers that allow them into other countries. This case of international business growth can be seen in the East African Community (Grimwade, 2000). This regional community is one that allows a business to take place across borders of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The kind of trade that takes place between these three nations involves the sale or agricultural produce and raw materials. Fresh vegetables and grain are usually sold at standardized prices across these borders, making it one of the most successful interactions in these region in terms of business. Mineral are also traded across these borders. The kind of business that is promoted by this policy is not that of overseas shipping of goods. It is rather a simple way of easing transactions taking place between business people of different countries without many hindrances. The elimination of the borders in terms of

Culturally Resposive Teaching Essay Example for Free

Culturally Resposive Teaching Essay In this essay I will use the given scenario to analyse and critique the teaching practice it outlines, drawing on the learning theories and themes outlined in the Professional Practice paper to explain and validate my ideas and thinking. I will consider the approaches in the scenario and offer alternatives, justifying my opinions with reference to theory, literature and my own emerging philosophy. Throughout my essay I will give consideration to the use of culturally responsive and inclusive pedagogy, demonstrating an understanding of the role Treaty of Waitangi within this practice. Throughout the scenario the theory of behaviourism is reflected in the teachers practice. Behaviourism sees learning as the establishing of connections between two events, and theorists view environmental factors as influential to behaviour. This sort of associative learning is called classical conditioning (Papalia, Olds Feldman, 2009). This theory is reflected in the teacher’s classroom management practice when the students all move outside to begin their day with a jump-jam session immediately after the bell rings, with no verbal instruction given by the teacher. It is also evident when they move back into class and sit and wait for the teacher, again with no verbal instruction issued. Another example of behaviourism theory is shown when the teacher uses reinforcement and punishment, known, as operant conditioning when she comments on Mark and Cathy’s jump jam prowess as a form of motivation. Behaviourism theory is also evident when the teacher is issuing instructions and displaying the timetable on the whiteboard as the directions are teacher lead. Within the realms of classroom management the strengths of behaviourism are obvious; the children know the sequence of events and can move from one activity to the next with little disruption and classroom management is, as described by Wong, Wong, Rogers Brooks (2012), ‘a set of procedures that structure the classroom so the students know what to do, how to do it, and when to do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (p. 61). This could, I believe be disconcerting for new or diverse students and to act in a more culturally responsive manner I would advocate a pictorial display to aid understanding (Davis, 2012). I feel whilst using the reward/punishment technique during the jump jam may have motivated Cathy, who received positive reinforcement, the negative comments issued by the teacher certainly demotivated Mark. This criticism clearly affect Mark’s self-efficacy and as a result his motivation was lessened (Le Francois, 2000). I would have been inclined to direct my motivational techniques towards the class as a whole and perhaps let Mark and Cathy motivate the class by allowing them to take joint responsibility for the running of the ‘Jump Jam’ programme for that day (Hill Hawke, 2000), using the constructivism theory, this, I believe would have been more motivating as the learner is actually involved in the learning process. I also believe the teacher missed an opportunity to incorporate the MÄ ori learning theory of Ako, reciprocal learning. Instead of leading the ‘Jump Jam’ herself she could have facilitated this by allowing Cathy and Mark to lead the session (Bishop, 2008). The humanist approach to learning is also evident in many areas of the teachers practice presented in the scenario. The Humanist approach to learning focuses on the child’s whole self, looking after the social and emotional needs of the learner as well as their cognitive abilities. For example children’s basic needs of safety, shelter, food, love and respect must be met before their academic needs can be addressed (Krause, et al, 2012). During the scenario the teacher is chatting to the students before school, in doing this she is showing she is interested in them as people thus creating a supportive relationship between herself and her learners. This relationship, the humanist theory suggests, will motivate her students and is ‘the key to effective education’ (Krause, et al, 2012, p. 233). Within the theme of classroom management the humanist theory is applied as the teacher allows the students to discuss the roles and responsibilities and the tasks that w ill need to be outlined to make camp go smoothly. She is inviting the students to be part of the process and taking a non-directive role, listening to the students’ ideas and involving them in the learning process, and in turn boosting their self-esteem. I believe that the teacher applied the humanist theory to her classroom management skills when she used the rhetorical question to redirect Clark. However, in my opinion this would have been an ideal opportunity to allow the MÄ ori boys to have a voice and encourage them to share their knowledge and learning style with the class, regarding the cooking of eels, showing respect for their culture (Le Francois, 2000). She would also have shown cultural responsiveness and demonstrated her understanding of the Treaty principle of partnerships as outlined by the Ministry of Education (2012). In critique, I also feel that the teacher could have used the humanist approach in her classroom management skills to ensure that the Somali girls have a better understanding of what a recreat ional camp entails. The girls emotional needs have not been met as they clearly have no understanding of what a New Zealand school camp is like thus are frightened and unsure so they are not engaged in the pre-camp tasks (Le Francois, 2000). Personally, I would have made sure I knew about the girls backgrounds before they came to school. This would have enabled me to develop a supportive relationship, perhaps giving the girls the confidence to approach me with their concerns and allowed me to alleviate their fears concerning camp. The social constructivist learning theory is defined as being learner centred with the learner actively involved in the process and underpinned by social interaction. Different learners will learn in different ways to suit their individual needs. Language is also an important aspect of this theory, as it is through language that the learner will construct their new ideas (Krause et al., 2000). In the scenario the teacher uses the social constructivist approach to classroom management when she invites the children to brainstorm the safety rules for the cookout. In allowing them to co-construct the rules by discussion and social interaction she is actively encouraging the use of a collaborative approach. In using this approach the teacher is allowing the students to ‘brainstorm for prior knowledge’ (Cobb, Forbes Lee, 2012). This theory is also evident in the teacher’s instructions for the camp diaries as she allows the students time to reflect on what they would like to include in their journals and also how they would like to present them. In encouraging the use of pictures and diagrams she has allowed those who may not be able to contribute by writing an opportunity to contribute. This is an example of ‘learning for all’ (Barker, 2008) and is facilitated by the teacher in incorporating the diverse learning styles of her students (p. 31). This approach shows that she has an understanding of the participation principle outlined in the Treaty of Waitangi, which states that all students be given equal opportunity to contribute (M.O.E, 2012). Social constructivism is also apparent during pair and group activities where the students are participating in peer assisted learning and assessment when testing each other on their vocabulary. The teacher further applies this theory when she collaborates with the students by calling them to her desk and scaffolding their learning. This approach gives students self-governance over their learning and can be beneficial as it allows students to choose a style that suits their particular needs. However, in the scenario it was apparent that some students were off task and I feel that the students may have benefited from a more humanist approach to classroom management and would have moved around the classroom and offered help and looking to scaffold students where necessary. Cultural responsiveness is evident at various points throughout the scenario and the teacher demonstrates this when she attempts to include all cultural groups in the camp concert. I would critique this by pointing out that, although this may show she is culturally aware, it does not imply that she has any cultural understanding as the Somali girls are ill informed about the concept of ‘camp’ and can only draw on their own experience of what a camp means to them. When the Somali girls displayed concern for what camp meant a suggestion would be for the teacher to facilitate sharing of prior knowledge and understandings early on in the lesson. This would have potentially allowed for the Somali girls fears and concerns to be alleviated , thus addressing their emotional needs and allowing them to move on with their learning. Doing so would have aligned with a humanistic approach by considering their interconnected needs as a whole person. Cultural responsive pedagogy also requires the teacher to reflect on their practice (Gay, 2000). This practice is observed when the teacher contemplates ringing the Somali girls’ parents to offer them support and explanations regarding the school camp. If practicing culturally relevant pedagogy the teacher would, Fraser Paraha (2002) point out ‘take the personal concerns of students seriously and examine social issues with them that were drawn on the students’ cultural positionings†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (p. 57). Furthermore, I believe a behaviourist approach to classroom management when allowing the girls to research on the computer, perhaps giving them some pre viewed websites to explore, may have enabled Aaheli to feel that her culture was valued. The outcome in the scenario could well have made her feel ostracised and even made the other girls become culturally biased. Throughout the scenario reference is made to the ethnicity of groups of students who seem to stay i n these cultural groups within the classroom. The teacher doesn’t appear to interact with the Somali girls at all and the MÄ ori boys only receive a negative response when they show enthusiasm for aspects of camp. Although the students can learn cross-cultural understanding from personal experience I would advocate using the social constructivist approach to cultural responsiveness and model good practice to my students by using inclusive and cultural responsive pedagogy inviting the MÄ ori boys to demonstrate their cooking skills and perhaps going a step further than the teacher in the scenario and actively encouraging the parents of the Somali girls to attend camp meetings (Whyte, 2008). The teacher did, however, collaborate with a parent and invited them in to help with the preparation of the camp concert, promoting the concept of Whanaungatanga (M.O.E, 2011). Furthermore, I believe this pedagogy would encompass the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi as outlined by the M.O.E. (2012) as partnership, protection and participation. This essay has used the scenario and analysed and critiqued the teaching practices it outlines by drawing on the learning theories and themes outlined in the professional practice paper using them to validate ideas and thinking. It has considered the approaches in the scenario and offered alternatives, justifying these opinions with reference to theories, literature an emerging philosophy of my own. Throughout the essay I have given consideration to the use of culturally responsive and inclusive pedagogy and demonstrated an understanding of the Treaty of Waitangi. References Barker, M. (2008). How do people learn?: Understanding the learning process. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.), The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 17-43). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage. Bishop, R. (2010). A culturally responsive pedagogy of relations. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.). The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 154-172). Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd. Cobb, D., Forbes, D., Lee, P. (2012). Lecture 1: TEPS222-12C (NET) [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Davis, B., M. (2012). How to teach students who don’t look like you: Culturally responsive teaching strategies (2nd Ed.). California, U.S.A: Corwin. Fraser, D., Paraha, H. (2002). Curriculum integration as treaty praxis. Waikato Journal of Education, 8, 57-70. Gay, G. (2000) Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research and practice. New York, U.S.A: Teachers College Press. Hill, J., Hawk, K. (2000, November). Four conceptual clues to motivating students: Learning from practice of effective teachers in low decile, multicultural schools. A paper presented to the NZARE Conference, Waikato, New Zealand. Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A. (2010). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (3rd Ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Limited. Le Francois, G. (2000). Psychology for teaching (10th Ed.). Calfornia, U.S.A: Wadsworth. Ministry of Education. (2011). TÄ taiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of MÄ ori learners. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education. (2012). The New Zealand curriculum update 16. [Professional practice and inquiry 2: Strategies for effective teaching, course resource]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Online reference TEPS222-12C (NET). Papalia, D., Olds, S., Feldman, R. (2009). Human Development (11th ed.). New York, U.S.A: McGraw Hill. Whyte, B. (2010). Culturally diverse classrooms and communities. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.). The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 173-186). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage. Wong, H., Wong, R., Rogers, K., Brooks, A. (2012). Managing Your Classroom for Success. Science Children, 49(9), 60-64.

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career Research suggests that the attitudes and behaviours that medical students show, or develop at  Medical school, are reasonable predictors of behaviour later in their professional careers. Bearing this in mind, explain the following concepts and outline what relevance they have to you  as a medical student and as a future doctor: Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness. The population often have a set of traits in mind when it comes to defining the ideal doctor. [1] The GMC have also defined what is expected of doctors in their publication â€Å"Good medical practice†. [2] In this essay I will explain the concepts of Probity, Resilience and Conscientiousness to allow me to launch into how they are relevant to me as a medical student and a future doctor. Probity is defined by the GMC as being â€Å"honest, trustworthy and acting with integrity†. [3] The importance of Probity is echoed internationally as the National University of Singapore conducted a study, the results of which showed that doctors regarded being honest and trustworthy as the two most important characteristics of medical practitioners. [4] Medical students must demonstrate probity in a variety of ways but I believe a medical student’s probity will most likely be shown by producing original academic work, not plagiarising and flagging up any concerns regarding their clinical work [3] since these, in my opinion, are some of the pits where some students will most likely fall. I personally believe I demonstrated probity during my community based medicine placement when a patient, in a one on one interview, asked me to give him medical advice, which I was in no position to do and so I told him to speak to his doctor about it along with letting him know that I’m not a doctor, but a medical student. A lack of probity in this case will have resulted in the patient receiving advice that might have harmed them regardless of any good intention behind it. Moreover, plagiarism was flagged up by an article where the BMJ suggest that research might show that students don’t have a complete understanding about referencing properly. [5] While this lack of understanding might not mean that the student is dishonest, the aforementioned article highlighted that 56% of students had already or would consider copying text and only listing it as a reference which is clearly plagiarism and so a show of dishonesty. This is relevant to me because research has shown that doctors who have been sanctioned by governmental bodies were three times more likely to have been unprofessional as a medical student than control students. [6] A show of probity is, as such, important from day one in medical school. An example of a situation where a doctorâ€⠄¢s lack of probity caused preventable consequences to a member of the public in addition to likely tarnishing the profession’s reputation in the public eye is the striking case of Doctor Derek Keilloh who maintained a dishonest account of his treatment of an inmate. [7]Another case was that of Dr Holloway who claimed pay for sick leave while pursuing a career in sports commentary. [8] In my opinion, the latter case ties in with and verifies the GMC’s earlier guidance on how students must be honest when working with allocated funds. [2] These two cases demonstrate to me how important it is to show and develop probity as a medical student and maintain it throughout my career or the consequences on patients and staff at the work place can be dire. Conscientiousness is defined as â€Å"wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly† [9]. Patient interviews highlighted that being â€Å"thorough and persistent† [1] was a trait the ideal doctor possessed. This was echoed by Sister Donna Keenan, Northern Ireland’s nurse of the year 2010. [10] Not performing one’s duty thoroughly is not a new issue amongst the medical profession: A newspaper article from 1952 summarised the case of a surgeon who had left forceps inside a patient causing unnecessary suffering. [14] Looking more recently, the notorious case of the Mid-Staffordshire scandal [11] can be used, in my opinion, to demonstrate a lack of conscientiousness on the part of the guilty staff involved. I think the rise in mortality rates was likely preventable if the staff involved had demonstrated thorough care to their patients. It could also be argued that the lack of whistleblowing in this case was yet another show of medical staff not p erforming their duty persistently and thoroughly since whistleblowing is part of a doctor’s duty, even as a medical student. [3, 11] I believe even the smallest show of conscientiousness can improve a patient’s experience such as when I relayed a patient’s complain regarding his bed-side television malfunctioning to my supervisor during voluntary work: The following week, the patient said that my â€Å"persistence† had allowed him to occupy himself and hence take his mind off his illness to relieve himself. The importance of this trait was highlighted in my mind even further upon reviewing the case of Jesica Santillan who received organs of the wrong blood type, resulting in her death. [12] This case also shows me that such careless practice can impact others as well the patient involved: In Jesica’s case, the organs could have saved another life but they went to waste. Reflecting on all three cases, it is clear that it’s critical for medica l students to develop a sense of conscientiousness if they are to become effective doctors or if they are to, in fact, even pass their examinations in medical school. However, it is worth taking note that research suggests conscientiousness (as measured by the conscientiousness index-CI) did not differ significantly between the first and second years of medical school and so showing it is a trait unaffected by â€Å"teaching and clinical exposure†. [13] This is relevant to me as a student because I believe it highlights that simply going through the first year of medical school will not be sufficient to develop a sense of conscientiousness; while some students might already have a strong sense of conscientiousness, those who don’t will need to seek/be offered support as it is an important characteristic. [13] Resilience is defined as â€Å"the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness†. [15] A report commissioned for the GMC highlighted that a significant proportion of medical students continue to suffer from mental health issues: it was described as endemic. [16] This is backed up by Swedish research showing that depressive symptoms were much more prevalent amongst medical students than the general population, at 12.9%. [17] A more shocking statistic is that, in the same study, 2.7% of students had attempted suicide. [17] The fact that this study was conducted in Sweden demonstrates that stress and depression associated with medical school is widespread around the globe and it would be wise to devise ways to deal with it. Another issue regarding the stress we face, as medical students, is that we often dismiss our deteriorating health as a normal part of life as a medical student. [18] To complicate things further, the stress we face can stem from a variety of reaso ns from performing mediocrely in an exam when we have always been at the top of our peer group to traumatic experiences related to clinical attachments such as patient death. [18, 22] I believe this variety makes the stress much more difficult to deal with. In the light of said stress, it is clear that being resilient will allow students to deal much better with their day to day life as a medical student and future doctor. [19] Not only is this important for the student/doctor themselves, it is also critical as it affects the quality of treatment the patient receives. [20] Students can burnout and this can be modelled conceptually where the â€Å"coping reserve† is positively and negatively affected by several factors which will either lead to burnout or a more resilient individual. [21] As a result, it is clear that devising mechanisms and ways of raising one’s morale and knowing when to seek support is very important in developing the resilience needed. Personally, I ’ve found that speaking to my colleagues and being able to relate to them very stress relieving alongside with phoning my close family to seek advice and generally vent out my concerns. However, I think the main component of my resilience is my active involvement in the sport of boxing which keeps me physically healthy, allows me to de-stress regularly and induces a sense of achievement within me to allow me to focus on my medical life so I can deal with the copious demands of studying Medicine. [23] In conclusion, Probity, Conscientiousness and Resilience are essential qualities medical students and doctors must develop. Probity allows patients to place their trust in the doctors and ensure it’s not abused while allowing the practitioners themselves to feel satisfied with their honest work. Being persistent and thorough with one’s practice will ensure any set tasks/treatment plans are done to an adequate standard. Finally, resilience will ensure that the individual can cope with the demands and challenges posed while still being able to give their best to the tasks at hand and their patients. Consequently, it is vital all three qualities amongst other qualities not covered in this essay are developed throughout one’s professional life. Reference list Miranda Hitti. 7 Key Traits of the Ideal Doctor. [Internet] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/news/20060309/7-key-traits-of-ideal-doctor (accessed 16/11/2014). General Medical Council (GMC). Good Medical Practice, 2013. GMC and Medical Schools Council (MSC). Medical students: professional values and fitness to practise, 2009. Fones CS, Kua EH, Goh LG. What makes a good doctor?views of the medical profession and the public in setting priorities for medical education. Singapore Medical Journal 1998; 39(12): 537-542. [Internet] Available at: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10067397 (accessed 16/11/2014). S.C.Rennie, J.R.Crosby. Are â€Å"tomorrows doctors† honest? Questionnaire study exploring medical students attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct. British Medical Journal 2001. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7281/274 (accessed 16/11/2014). Maxine A. Papadakis, M.D., Arianne Teherani, Ph.D., Mary A. Banach, Ph.D., M.P.H., Timothy R. Knettler, M.B.A., Susan L. Rattner, M.D., David T. Stern, M.D., Ph.D., J. Jon Veloski, M.S., and Carol S. Hodgson, Ph.D. Disciplinary Action by Medical Boards and Prior Behaviour in Medical School. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005. [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa052596#t=abstract (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who denied he saw Iraqi detainee’s injuries is struck off medical register, British Medical Journal. 21 December 2012. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8686 (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who claimed sick leave while working as sports commentator is struck off, British Medical Journal. 27 October 2014. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6455 (accessed 16/11/2014). Oxford University Press. Definition of conscientious in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/conscientious GMC. What makes a good doctor? [Internet ] Available at: http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/10058.asp (accessed 23/11/2014) Isobel Weinberg. The Mid Staffs scandal. Student BMJ 2013.[Internet] Available at: http://student.bmj.com/student/view-article.html?id=sbmj.f941#What did the report recommend? (BMJ 2013;346:f847) (Accessed 23/11/2014). Joel D. Howell. ‘A Death Retold: Jesica Santillan, the Bungled Transplant, and Paradoxes of Medical Citizenship (review)’. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2008; 82(2): 498-499. [Internet] Available at: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bhm/summary/v082/82.2.howell.html (accessed 23/11/2014). Andrew T Chaytor, Jacqueline Spence, Ann Armstrong and John C McLachlan. ‘Do students learn to be more conscientious at medical school?’ BMC Medical Education 2012, volume 12. [Internet] Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/54 (accessed 23/11/2014) The Advertiser. ‘Doctor Found Negligent In Forceps Case.’ 21 June 1952 [Internet] Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47411162 (accessed 23/11/2014) Oxford University Press. Definition of resilience in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/resilience Andrew Grant, Andrew Rix, Karen Mattick, Debbie Jones, Peter Winter. ‘Identifying good practice among medical schools in the support of students with mental health concerns’ GMC July 2013. Marie Dahlin, Nils Joneborg and Bo Runeson. ‘Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study’. Medical Education 2005; 39(6): 594-604. [Internet] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false (accessed 23/11/2014). Julie M. Rosenthal, and Susan Okie, M.D. ‘White Coat, Mood Indigo — Depression in Medical School’. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058183 (accessed 23/11/2014). Amanda Howe, Anna Smajdor and Andrea Stà ¶ckl. ‘Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training’. Medical education 2012; 46(4): 349-356. [Internet] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04188.x/full (accessed 23/11/2014). Fabiana Hirata, Monica Lima, Veralice de Bruin, Paulo Nobrega, Germano Wenceslau and Pedro de Bruin. ‘Depression in Medical School: The Influence of Morningness-Eveningness’. Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara 2007; 24(5): 939-946. [Internet] Available at: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420520701657730 (accessed 23/11/2014). Dr. Laura B. Dunn M.D., Dr. Alana Iglewicz M.D., Christine Moutier M.D. ‘A Conceptual Model of Medical Student Well-Being: Promoting Resilience and Preventing Burnout’. Academic Psychiatry 2014; 32(1): 44-53. [Internet] Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1176/appi.ap.32.1.44 (accessed 23/11/2014). Haglund, Margaret E.M. MD; aan het Rot, Marije PhD; Cooper, Nicole S. PhD; Nestadt, Paul S.; Muller, David MD; Southwick, Steven M. MD; Charney, Dennis S. MD. ‘Resilience in the Third Year of Medical School: A Prospective Study of the Associations between Stressful Events Occurring During Clinical Rotations and Student Well-Being’. Academic Medicine 2009; 84(2): 258-268. [Internet] Available at: http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/2009/02000/Resilience_in_the_Third_Year_of_Medical_School__A.38.aspx (accessed 23/11/2014). Mental Health Foundation. ‘Exercise and Mental Health’. [Internet] Available at: http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/E/exercise-mental-health/ (accessed 23/11/2014).

From Galileo To Hubble Philosophy Essay

From Galileo To Hubble Philosophy Essay The 16th century provided the world with scholars such as Galileo, Kepler, Copernicus, and Lagrange, all of whom helped to advance the scientific phenomenon of space exploration through telescopes with the results of their many experiments. Although over 500 years have passed since these scholars walked the Earth, their discoveries and inventions are still very much used today, and will continue to be used well into the future. From Galileo to Hubble is a great leap in technological advancement. If it were not for Galileo, society would not have todays level of technology used in space exploration. Everything NASA foresees for future projects is always influenced by past research up to four centuries ago. How the does the discoveries from the 16th century influence tomorrows telescopes? Galileo was not the first person to question whether the Earth was truly at the center of the universe. Nicholas Copernicus first wrote about his theory that the sun was the center of the universe in his book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs). However, the book was written simply as a hypothetical mathematical problem. Copernicuss theory proposed that the sun was at the center of the universe and the Earth revolved around it. Copernicus did not continue to explore his theory because, it is speculated, he was distracted by trying to follow Aristotles requirement for the law of motion. This law of motion was considered the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies, which led Copernicus to believe that his theory could only be proven if he went from a geocentric model to a heliocentric model. Galileo then took the Copernican theory and explored it as being the truth. Galileos ideas that Earth was not the center of the universe truly sp arked the scientific revolution. The people of the time were ready for some real answers, although they never spoke of this because of their loyalty to the Church. The idea that the sun was actually the center of the universe went against many Biblical passages. Galileo pointed out that scripture teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. (The Galileo Project). Before the 16th century, society believed that the earth was at the very center of the universe. Anyone who believed otherwise was condemned by the church and, consequently, society as well. Due to the lack of scientific research, religious ideas were the only ways that people could view the world. They had no scientific evidence to back up any sort of explanations. While there were ideas and theories about the solar system that had yet to be proven, no one at the time had the tool to back up this theory. During the scientific revolution in the 16th century, a scientist named Johannes Kepler proposed three laws of planetary motion. Kepler went on to explain that these accurate descriptions of the motion of any planet and any satellite nearly 400 years ago, and are still by NASA today. Kepler described five different fixed stationary orbits. If it were not for Kelper, society probably would not have the Lagrange points, which are used to give accurate locations of fixed loop hoop orbi ts in-between the earth and the moon. Technology then had to catch up with the theory. An early 16th century scientist came up with a tool that would literally change the outlook of how society perceived the world and later, even the universe. Spectacle maker Hans Lippershey is accredited with the earliest record design of the optical telescope. When word actually got out about this new innovative tool, Galileo Galilei made a name for it. Galileo took the telescope and did what no one else thought of, he courageously pointed it towards the heavens. His theory caused a ripple effect in the scientific community. His unending devotion and determination for discovery led to a better understanding of the universe. He gave other scientists, artists, and philosophers of centuries to come something they can build on. A telescope perfected from Hans Lippershey invention by the simple arrangement of two lenses in a long, narrow tube allowed Galileo to see objects ten times more clearly. With his primitive telescope, Galileo was able to make a number of remarkable discoveries. At the time, people believed the surface of the moon was smooth and flat. However, Galileo found mountains, valleys, and craters on the surface. Not only was Galileo the first man to see the craters of the moon, but he also went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn. This fire of ideas that Galileo created through his discoveries inspired scientists to create telescopes of increasing size and complexity. With the ever-changing shape and form of telescopes, astronomers have been able to see ever farther into the universe with increased clarity. Although telescopes have revealed much over their nearly 400-year history, they are still limited in what they can show us from Earth. Light pollution, cloud cover and the Earths turbulent atmosphere constantly interfere with telescope views from Earth. No telescope, to date, has been able to overcome these problems. To conquer these problems, scientists decided that a telescope must be placed above the atmosphere, in orbit around the Earth. That is where the Hubble telescope was born. The Hubble telescope, launched in 1990, marks the most significant advance in astronomy since Galileos telescope. This telescope was the first to be launched into orbit and is therefore at the ultimate mountaintop for viewing the universe. Above the distortion of the atmosphere, above rain clouds and light pollution, Hubble has an unobstructed view of the universe. So what did the new telescope discover? Scientists claim that they have used Hubble to observe the most distant stars and galaxies as well as the planets in our solar system. Even twenty years after its launch, Hubble is still in working order. However, the time has come to improve this situation and create something that will go beyond the Hubbles view. It is also important to have something that we are able to do regular maintenance on. By placing a permanent telescope on the moon, we can explore the universe in even greater capacity than the Hubble telescope did. Even today Galileos influence is being felt in the develo pment of telescopes and their increasing ability to explore space. This opportunity to place future space telescopes in superior environments would create a situation where Moon-based crews can easily visit them. It is promising enough that NASA should now begin brainstorming options and opportunities that I will recommend towards them. Telescopes on the Moon, especially instruments capable of feats well beyond the Hubble and Webb, but how can someone demonstrate how to overcome the cons over the pros? Placing telescopes on the moon telescopes could be considered a more stable environment than a telescope in orbit. Thus, placing telescopes within the service range of lunar outposts will have the effect of firming up the future for those outposts, and also receive funding necessary to keep them operational and growing. The biggest question is can you improve on the next telescope by creating one ultimate telescope or developing many with variety of task giving all while keeping within a practical budget? Galileos Influence on the Scientific Community Lance K. Erickson Ph. D., a professor of applied aviation sciences and space studies at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, agrees that Galileo had a strong influence on the scientific community. However, in our interview on DATE, Dr. Erickson added that even if Galileo had not lived, society would not be that far behind where it is now in space exploration. In addition to Galileo, many other scientists in history were developing their own telescopes. Leonard Digges, for example, invented the reflecting and refracting telescopes, but never capitalized on his invention. Another professor, however, emphasizes Galileos importance. In an interview with Dr. Alan R. Pratt, professor of humanities at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, he stated that if it were not for Galileo, many artists and philosophers would not have been so greatly influenced on the imagination of the universe. Dr. Pratt, stated: In terms of any other changes that happened in past centuries regarding science, I really do not think [that] any philosopher or artist could have had a bigger impact than Galileo did. In a matter of a few months, Galileo was able to alter the development of science so deeply as those months between the end of 1609 and the beginning of 1610. He now was at the crown rewriting the book of laws, which consisted of raw facts with evidence to back it up. He literally changed physics, which, in turn changed cosmology, and again that changed the way future philosophers and artists imagined the universe. This influenced many poets, mostly because they were stimulated on a sense of anxiety, that Galileo discovered that society is in fact on a small planet. According to Dr. Pratt, this change in science introduces a big change in religion and anthropology. Figure 1 portrays Galileo trying to convince the Church. Figure 1: Galileo and his Discoverieshttp://www.chrismadden.co.uk/moon/galileo-telescope-church.gif . Unlike many revolutions, the scientific revolution changed peoples minds, rather than the way society acted. People began to seek scientific answers to things that they before accepted as truth without question. Figure 1, shows that Galileo had a lot of explaining to do, but that it was not easy convincing the church of his discoveries. His theory was very much against religion, and Galileo knew this would change everything. As a result of Galileos influence, science and mathematics began to be more widely accepted than philosophy when used to explain phenomenon. Today, it is hard for anyone to comprehend that there was a time where claims were not researched scientifically. Galileo developed a more modern concept of researching which scientist still use today. Sir Isaac Newton Taking Telescopes to the Next Level Following Galileo, English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the more influential people in human history. In 1661, the scientific revolution was at its peak, and many works of basic to modern science had appeared. Astronomers from Copernicus to Kepler had elaborated the heliocentric system of the universe. Galileo had proposed the foundations of a new mechanics built on the principle of inertia. Led by Descartes, philosophers had begun to formulate a new conception of nature as an intricate, impersonal, and inert machine. Newton was about to change the laws of the universe that were backed up by mathematically proven certainty. These laws were physical by nature but were neither sporadic nor limited locally. According to Newton in Principia, laws were universal. There were three laws that would describe universal gravitation. The only lim it of these laws of motion was that they could not be applied to the atomic level or on some conditions that would include the speed of light (Cambridge). Newtons Telescope In addition to these theories, Newton followed where Galileo left off and made a bigger and better telescope that would yet again change the way the public would view the universe. Figure 2 shows one of Newtons many drawings of his telescope. Figure 2: Newtons Drawing of a Telescope . The drawing represents the time when Newton began formulating the idea of optic lenses. An optic lens bends light in order to refract and, therefore, magnify the image. Newton went on to develop what is known as the theory of optics. Theory of Optics The theory of optics utilizes a concave mirror to develop a refracting telescope. Newton was able to utilize the visible light spectrum and show that bending it would create a magnifying effect. Understanding refracting telescopes did play a big role in the development of future telescopes. In 1704, Newton published Opticks, which resulted in his victory in the debate of the nature of light. In his publication, he questioned the theories of light, defraction, and the visible spectrum. He developed experiments to test these questions which he reviewed in Opticks. While this controversial debate over the nature of light was tested by many scientists, Newtons theory of optics became generally accepted. This theory led into the law of superposition, consisting of a wave-like property. Superposition opened a new door in physical optics. It wasnt until Sir Isaac Newton developed the next upgrade to the telescope, which he called the reflecting telescope, and later renamed as the Newtonian Reflector. This new optic lens would be revolutionary in terms of seeing deeper into space. Figure 3 depicts one of Newtons large telescopes with a structure to reach the eyepiece. These huge telescopes were the first of their time and were the first to use a pitch lap, a polished optical surface that acts as a mirror. Newton claimed that this reflector would be the heart of the design of the Newtonian telescope. Thus, the optic lens that Newton perfected within his telescope is still used today in the Hubble Space Telescope. Newtons development of the optic lens proved to be the next important step in space exploration. His upgraded development in the telescope was indeed the influence needed to keep the evolution of telescopes going. Figure 3: A large Newtonian Reflector . The Hubble Space Telescope Science has come a long way since the first telescopes were imagined in the minds of their creators. The complexity can range from a ten dollar telescope to multi-million dollar telescopes developed by todays space explorers. The most well-known of todays telescopes is the Hubble space telescope, which is used to capture images of space from Earths orbit. Long before the Hubble telescope was launched into orbit in 1990, scientists were developing ideas of sending telescopes into space. In 1946 Lyman Spitzer, a researcher from Yale University, wrote a paper entitled Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-Terrestrial Observatory, in which he discusses how Earths atmosphere affects the visibility of stars and planets in space. Through his research and development, Spitzer began collaborating with scientists and professionals to move his plan into action. In the 1960s, NASA began to discuss the feasibility of such a project, and in 1971, it was granted permission to further discuss the blueprint for the project. The largest obstacle in the creation of the Hubble telescope was acquiring the funds for the project, which was estimated to cost $400 to $500 million. After revising parts of the telescope to make it more cost-effective, Congress finally the proposal for funding at $200 million and established the Large Space Telescope project fundi ng in 1977. NASA had planned for the telescope to be launched in 1983; however, assembly of the Hubble was delayed through 1985, when it was finally completed. Figure 4 shows the various control systems of the Hubble as it is in orbit. The planned launch had finally been set for October 1986. This launch was interrupted in January, when tragedy struck the Challenger space shuttle as it ascended into the atmosphere and exploded above the Florida skyline. NASA officials began to question whether the telescope would make it safely into orbit. One year later, shuttle launches resumed, but it was not until April 24, 1990 that space shuttle Discovery finally carried the Hubble into orbit. Figure 4: Important Features of the Hubble Space Telescope . Most would consider the launch of the Hubble a success; however, one mission of the launch was to gain spectacular images of the cosmos. Within a few weeks of being launched, the images that were sent back to NASA headquarters appeared blurry and out of focus. According to the NASA History Division, An investigation revealed a spherical aberration in the primary mirror, due to a miscalibrated measuring instrument that caused the edges of the mirror to be ground slightly too flat (NASA). In December 1993, the first servicing mission was performed with five back-to-back spacewalks, fixing the aberration as well as performing routine maintenance. When the images finally developed into sharp, clear pictures of space, NASA considered the maintenance mission a success. With sustained servicing missions, Hubble has continued to explore the universe from Earths orbit for the past twenty years. Additional Telescopes Although the Hubble space telescope is not the only telescope in orbit, it has remained the only one to operate on visible light wavelengths. Other telescopes, such as the Spitzer space telescope detect infrared radiation, or heat radiation. In addition, Chandra is a telescope that measures X-rays from high-energy regions of the universe, such as exploded stars, according to the Chandra X-ray observatory. Another telescope, the Swift, measures gamma rays. NASA headquarters explains that, Swifts primary goal is to unravel the mystery of gamma ray bursts. The bursts are random and fleeting explosions, second only to the Big Bang in total energy output. Gamma rays are a type of light millions of times more energetic than light human eyes can detect. Gamma ray bursts last only from a few milliseconds to about one minute. Each burst likely signals the birth of a black hole. (NASA). As one can see, there are multiple uses for telescopes in space, ranging from visible explorations, to X-ray, to gamma ray, and beyond. As science evolves, so will the applications of telescopes in space. James Webb Space Telescope The future of telescopes is rapidly evolving. Within a few years, the Hubble will no longer be the main operating telescope in orbit. In 2014, NASA plans to launch the next telescope into orbit: the James Webb Space Telescope. This large infrared telescope will consist of a 6.5 meter primary mirror and measure parts of the universe that have never been documented before. As seen in Figure 5, the James Webb Space Telescopes mirror is nearly three times the size of the Hubble mirror. With its four measuring instruments: the Near InfraRed Camera, Near InfraRed Spectograph, Mid-InfraRed Instrument, and the Fine Guidance Sensor Tunable Filter Camera, the Webb will measure infrared waves with some visible range. Figure 6 shows the different parts of the James Webb Telescope and where it will be placed in orbit. According to NASA, The Webb has four main science themes: The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization, The Assembly of Galaxies, The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Sys tems, and Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life. (NASA). It will explore the development of the first galaxies, and how they have connected to ours. Figure 5: Mirror Comparison between JWST and Hubble (BBC News) . Figure 6: The James Webb Space Telescope (BBC News) . Telescopes and the Moon The moon is often brought up in forums on the NASA website regarding the possibilities of placing telescopes on the lunar surface. In order to even consider how to fulfill the four Ws of curiosity (what, where, when, and why), scientists must find a valid reason for leaving the practical environment of the Lower Earth Orbit (LEO). The LEO is an ideal place for telescopes to be in the reach of astronauts for routine maintenance. This is an important issue to explore for the future of telescopes. In an interview with Dr. Lance Erickson, he stated that the idea of placing a telescope on surface of the moon is just not practical. The reason for that is simply because the rocket-power to transport the telescope onto the lunar surface is not there. Dr. Erickson explained that even if NASA decided to assemble the telescope on the surface of the moon rather than transporting it, they would have to do so on the far side of the moon. This would result in requiring a lunar outpost for routine m aintenance. Even though the idea of scientists placing telescopes on the moon sounds like an ideal project for future exploration, Dr. Erickson stated that the amount of money needed to budget a project of that magnitude would be beyond practical. Furthermore, having a variety of telescopes rather than one big expensive telescope could be a more feasible way to do research. Dr. Erickson explains that having a backup plan before the actual plan is exactly how achieve efficiency. With a backup plan, the probability of having a successful outcome for research doubles. NASA Space Center will not look into any suggested projects that do not have a valid contingency plan, insuring that research and development will help with funding. This way if a mistake is made between the launch of the plan and the actual space flight, scientists have something to fall back on. The greatest barrier of getting an idea to machine is having a logical way of overcoming hurtles that scientist have to adapt to. For example, it is necessary to satisfy the needs of the project within the limits of the funds available in order to justify the research with the public. Having the taxpayers agree on research is huge because much of the funding may come from taxpayers wallets. In coming up with a logical proposal to NASA about having a lunar-based telescope, which, in-turn would have to be submitted to congress, there are a mix of pros and cons regarding the project. Dr. Erickson pointed out the cons of placing a telescope on the lunar surface, there are some feasible advantages in fulfilling this idea. Paul Gilster, an author, looks at peer-reviewed research on deep space exploration, with an eye toward interstellar possibilities on his website. For the past five years, this site has coordinated its efforts with the Tau Zero Foundation, and now serves as the Foundations news forum. Paul Gilster states: Putting an enormous radio telescope on the far side of the Moon has so many advantages that its hard to imagine not doing it, once our technology makes such ventures possible. Whatever the time frame, imagine an attenuation of radio noise from Earth many orders of magnitude over what is possible anywhere on the near side, much less on Earth itself. (Tau Zero Foundation) Due to the dusty environment of the moon, the best type of telescope to utilize would be a radio telescope. Objects on Earth and in space also emit other types of electromagnetic radiation that cannot be seen by the human eye, such as radio waves. The full range of radiation emitted by an object is called its electromagnetic spectrum. This radio astronomy is also known as the study of celestial objects that emit radio waves. Scientists can study astronomical phenomena that are often invisible in other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, placing this type of telescope would be a benefit to the environment on the moon for the one big problem not mentioned through NASA website forums on how to deal with the lunar dust. The Apollo astronauts found that no matter how careful one was, the dust went everywhere. Having dust on the mirror or the hardware is not what one wants. With the Construction of a large based mirrored telescope on the lunar surface it would be particularly a problem during construction. Since radio waves penetrate dust, scientists can use radio astronomy techniques to study regions that cannot be seen in visible light, such as the dust-shrouded environments, which are the locations where you find the birth of stars and planets. Filling the Medium with Future Telescopes Today, NASAs budget will not be able to cover telescopes with cost running over in the trillions just in maintaining a lunar outpost. Being able to justify the cost of an improved telescope, while keeping it in the Unites States budget, will require filling the medium between the LEO and the Moon. So in filling this medium so instead of building on joint task telescope, NASA should implement a variety of telescopes at all of the Lagrange points. Lagrange points are The Lagrangian points (also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points), the five positions in an orbital configuration where a small object affected only by gravity can theoretically be stationary relative to two larger objects (such as a satellite with respect to the Earth and Moon) (Web Definitions). According to Dr. Erickson, he suggested that there are three justified Lagrange points that can be used effectively for telescopes that can be designed for different task. In order to figure out what Lagrange point will fit a given telescope the job the best, you must consider the locations of each point. Furthermore, its important to point out that these Lagrange points follow under what is called the Keplers laws The three laws of planetary motion are briefly described below (Physics Classroom): The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses) An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas) The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies) With these laws in place, there is a chance of finding a loophole, and thats exactly what the five Lagrange points are. For example, with the L1 point, and given the proper distance of a spacecraft, which is maintained between the earth and the sun so long as it is about a hundredth of the distance to the sun (ESA). The spacecraft will take about one year to go around the Sun. With that, this point can used for monitoring the sun for its in the direct line between the sun and earth. In the interim, L1 is very unstable, so any spacecraft here will require their own rocket engines. Though, its a useful point for observing the sun (Dr. Erickson), the antennas which track it from Earth are also aimed at the Sun, which causes the disruptions with radio waves. Corrections are needed regularly (ESA). So the research will be limited to the sun. The next useful point will be Lagrange point 2. This point is located roughly around 1.5 million kilometers behind the earth (as viewed from the sun). To give a physical reference, it is estimated to be about four times the distance of the moon and earth (Figure 7). Figure 7: Lagrange Point 1 http://www.unexplainable.net/brainbox/uploads/1/21.jpg According to Dr. Erickson, this point will be the best for observing the larger universe which is observing deep space. The telescope would be free from the earths shadow, which distorts the observing views of the telescope mostly from the heat changes (correlation between day and night) (ESA). Most importantly, this point will be more stable than L1 and provide a more stable viewpoint. Figure 8: Lagrange Point 2 (Scientific Web) http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Astronomy/CelestialMechanics/images/LagrangePoints03.jpg Furthermore, L3 Lagrange point is the best for observing the galaxy according to Dr. Erickson. This Lagrange point lies behind the Sun, and any objects which may be orbiting there cannot be seen from Earth. The orbiting speed would equal earth and place the telescope just outside the orbital period of earth and as well the telescope would be on the opposite side of the sun which would block out sun light pollution (ESA). The reason Lagrange point 4 and 5 could not be used is mostly because of debris. Debris gathers at these locations interferes with the stability of these points as well as the resistance to gravitational perturbations lets objects such as small asteroids and a lot of dust to gather around these locations (ESA). In recognizing the best locations for future telescopes, it is important to understand the future designs for each task that the telescope will be fulfilling beyond all telescopes land based or present space telescopes. Scientists must find the medium of fulfilling both areas of the given mission. Finding the balance between fixed orbit positions within any lagrange points is not rounding off to what scientists think is the closest position for the fix in orbit, but rather being precise within feet of accuracy. These loopholes are very temperamental. That one of the major flaws with dealing with fixed orbits beyond human control. Gravity, like anything else in space, either works strongly in the favor of positive results for research as well as negative outcomes. The success of the mission for the space telescope will be greatly affected by where the telescope is located. Scientists will be faced with the greatest challenge of placing these telescopes not just in these point orbits b ut maintaining these telescopes in the point orbits. Conclusions While it may seem like a simple history lesson about Galileo and Newton but if it wasnt for their influence in the science community, society would not be where it is now in regards to space exploration. From Galileo to Hubble, much of the tools that helped Newton are still helping us today with telescopes. From retaining the laws of Kepler, to the Lagrange points, everything used in NASA has something to represent scientist of the 16th century today. Only a few settings are ideal for space telescopes. The best telescope design will resemble the Hubble. Like Galileo to Newton, the telescope of tomorrow will be perfected and increased in size and complexity as scientists learn from past mistakes. The James Webb telescope will be the next generation, but even though it is the most modern telescope, scientists are still looking beyond the Webb on what and where to place the next telescope. The future of telescopes will be satellite based on Lagrange points 1, 2 and 3. With a given purpose for each point, the observation will be different from one another; this will open up a variety of experiments for NASA. The best place to observe the Sun will be at Lagrange point 1, for it is in the direct line between the Sun and the Earth. Though it falls in the criteria of being in a loop hole, being a fix orbit is exactly what a satellite telescope needs. It will require some rocket power to maintain its position in orbit. Given the circumstances of it position, it will only be able to observe the Sun, which scientist are still learning about today. With the only flaw of this point being the radio interference because of the Sun, there is still much to learn from the L1 point that a telescope will be an asset to better this research. The next best position for future telescopes would be L2, as it is an ideal place to observe the larger Universe, which is observing deep space. The reason for this is because the telescope would be free of the Earths shadow. This is very important when it come to exploring space in the means of using a telescope. Every astronomer knows that light is a major influence on telescope imagery. Light is what creates an imbalance in heat in space. Out of all the Lagrange points, L2 is the best. It is the most stable of the three points and it can increase the distance we can explore into deep sp

Northern vs Southern States, Education :: essays research papers

It seems important to understand the similarities of the colonial regions in order to comprehend the implications they had. By comparing the Middle Colonies and New England, and by contrasting the future North to the South, it becomes relatively easy to draw patterns. In 1760, the population in New England counts 16,000 Africans, 29,000 for the Middle Colonies whereas the South populates 205,000 Africans. Slavery is then mainly concentrated in the South, involving more agrarian activities and land farmers. Life expectancy in New England and the Middle Colonies were higher while death rates were superior in the South. The cities mainly initiated in New England and then followed by the Middle Colonies. South colonies had smaller towns, more fields. Nevertheless, cities involve more social problems such as crime and vice. The rural exodus of poor people to the cities explains the reason Revolutionary crisis started in the cities. New England and the Middle Colonies (to a smaller degree) symbolized the industrial power where industries such as metal manufacturing, lumbering, mining and fishing were predominant in these regions. For the most part, they were white workers (artisans, crafters, silver working) and the trades would take place between the colonies. To the contrary of these two regions, the South would focus more on massive slaves work to grow tobacco and rice that they would sell to England. As we can notice, the two trading systems have different markets. New England and the Middle colonies would trade more internally, helping merchants with the Act of Navigation, whereas the South targets England as a market for more commercial trades. Concerning religion and education, New England primary had universities based on a religious belief (i.e., Harvard and Yale) but progressively went to a religious liberalism. The Middle Colonies were famous for their

Themes Presented In Far From The Madding Crowd Essay -- English Litera

Themes Presented In Far From The Madding Crowd Thomas Hardy was born on 2nd June 1840 in Higher Bockampton, Dorset. His father was a builder and mason and his mother a former servant was a well read intelligent woman with a strong personality. Hardy was impressionable from a young age and as a country boy was surrounded by the traditional aspects of rural life with it's superstitions, folk lore, culture and past times. In 1856 Hardy worked with an architect and continued his studies under the guidance of a parish rector. This friendship has been thought to affect to the tone of "Far From The Madding Crowd". The book was published in 1874 and is one of his most well-known novels. His unique style is never more apparent in this novel with the focus on relationships in a rural community. In this essay I will be discussing the power of love as it is portrayed in "Far From The Madding Crowd". I will be discussing different aspects of love and themes which affect the key theme love in the novel. These themes include character and developement, atmosphere, language and authorial intrusions. From the start of the novel it is noted that Bathsheba is a very vain and unconventional character. Right from the start while on horseback she proved this. "A small swing looking glass was disclosed, in which she proceeded to survey herself attentively. She parted her lips and smiled". It is questioned that Bathsheba's vanity is uncurable and at the end of it all, is it still uncured? She stands out from the world around her because it is ruled by men but she is in charge of the community around her. Bathsheba's love life follows a circular pattern and by the endd she loses strength and stamina and eventually ends up mar... ... of love and the main characters lives revolve around it. Hardy uses many different devices to show the power of love which I have used to show the power of love. Hardy uses peoples characters through the novel to show their feelings and reactions brought on by love. He uses atmosphere throughout the novel to potray the mood and set the scene to help show love in it's different aspects. Hardy uses language also throughout the novel to reflect both the times and the feelings of characters. Hardy also uses authorial intrusions to give opinions of characters through the story. All these topics help show the importance and power of love in "Far From The Madding Crowd". The story takes place in rural part of England at the end of 19th century. Beautiful country and good description of many people peacefully living there are great background for a love story.

Art and Cultural Study Essay

Art has always been a significant part of any culture and society. Prominent artist are people who make a contribution not only to the world’s cultural heritage, but also make a certain country famous and even a bit special. In my opinion my favorite artist would be Pablo Picasso. Pablo Picasso, known as one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. I shall say the evolution of a young Pablo Picasso to the experienced genius that had shaped the way we see art today. From his Blue and Rose periods through the birth of Cubism, to the struggles of the experimental thirties. Picasso largely took his subjects from real life, although many of his abstract works look anything but life-like. He was big on portraits, nudes, families and children and scenes from rural life and carnivals. He also featured a lot of still life, including newspapers, vases with flowers, fruit and many instruments, especially the guitar. He inspired a whole movement into Cubism. He revolutionized art in a sense. In the art world he was the first to create works that explored the world a bit differently. With a greater understanding of Picasso and his contribution to art. He started out creating the realistic art that you may be more to consider ‘real art’. Essentially, he mastered it, and then created something entirely new. I just love Pablo’s work because it is very unique and different. He was one of the first people to look at the world and its many creatures in a different way. He didn’t just paint what he wanted to or do anything â€Å"randomly†, but painted life as he truly saw it. Pablo was very charming and he had a lot of passion. Pablo had a new way of doing art that was interesting coupled with his charisma and passion.

Management Processes of Nintendo Co. Ltd.

raw(a)-fangled- twenty-four hour period Tr determinations and Developing and Organizing Management Assignment foc use PROCESSES OF NINTENDO CO. LTD. pic TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. abject in family relationship of wariness and achivements3 1. 1Introduction3 1. 2History of cargon and achivements3 2. unified affableisation and accessible responsobility programs8 2. 1 bodied culture8 2. 2Social responsobility programs8 3. remote and internal environment of arrangement9 3. 1External environment9 3. 2 indwelling environment9 4. strategical planning and competetive improvements10 4. 1strategic planning10 4. 2Competetive advantages12 5.Organizational bodily structure and image 12 6. Motivation and HR principles12 6. 1Motivation12 6. 2HR principles12 7. figure process and feel management 13 8. Communications and decision fashioning 13 9. coating 13 10. References 16 History of management and achievements 1. Introduction The accounting of Nint extirpateo is a guidance of elf analogous firm chinkking its niche on service and entertainments grocery store who became a giant bow window, affected and affects on life of a couple of(prenominal) gen erations and determinant of modern fashion on virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) scene. The history of Nintendo its a well k nowing lessons of commercialise and endowmented employees.The history of Nintendo its a history of Mario, Pokemons, Donkey Kong, Zelda, Metroid, aesthesis Fox, Kid Icarus and umpteen a nonher(prenominal)(a) al nearly wizardages who transforms into familiar trade marks. 1. 2 History of management and achievements It is funny, but Nintendo Koppai primordial flexs in entertainment field. The corporation was founded in 1889 by manu accompanimenturer Fusajiro Yamauchi and foundation of disdain for recollective c beers was crossing of compete tease. bizarre popularity was had the Hanafuda tantalize lame, which is a distance congress of Chinese mahjong bluey.The deck consists from hieroglyphs, images and symbols and the principles of the risque were to find the second base pair of bring forward game. From competitors cropion the products of Nintendo was variant by its superior whatsoever(prenominal) childs stand for cards was hand do painted and c of entirely clippingyplaceed with varnish. In deferred payment of card- vie roots, the c both(a) in Nintendo (Nin ten do agency leave luck to paradise). In 1902 Nintendo became re separatelyy lucky Fusajiro Yamauchi was the rent-go in japan who incur a license to gear up stunned acting cards in western behavior. It brings precise palmy caper for that sentence.The accessoryship swiftly grows, builds mod manufacturers, creates its own distribution net consent tobacco shops and salt benches and strictly watched e precisewhere timbre. Until 1949 the aim-to doe with of confederacy commuted twice in 1933 to Yamauchi Nintendo & phvirtuosor and in 1949 to Nin tendo compete batting order rallyr. In 1953, Nintendo became the depression conjunction in japan who stick present cards from p ut but about(a)ic. This was a huge hit and al lower-rankinged Nintendo to oertop the card market place. Starting fleck of establishment the primary(prenominal) philosophy of now keen-sighted epoch salient N was 1956.Exactly hence 3rd president of Nintendo and grandson of Nintendo fo low Hiroshi Yamauchi arrived to the States to establish origin relations with Confederate the Statess first-rate playing cards firm United States Playing Card Company. Nipp unityse was amazed non by business acumen, non by swing of enterprise and not by perspective for his own business, but by flyspeck office which has lower than a dozen employees. This was a turning point for Yamauchi, who then realized the limitations of the playing card business. In 1959, Nintendo struck a manage with Disney to adjudge them e actually last(predicate)ow Nintendo to use Disneys characters on Nintendos playing cards.By tying playing cards to Disney and exchange books ex luciding the several(predicate) games virtuoso could play with the cards, Nintendo could sell the product to Japanese househerstwhile(a)s. The tie-in was a victor and the play along exchange at least 600,000 card packs in a single year. collectible to this victory, in 1962, Yamauchi took Nintendo exoteric, listing the fall aparty in Osaka Stock Exchange Second di fancy. A bitty state of managers and an army of heroes, representing the market, was the main schema of Nintendo oer the years. Following the interchangeable supremacy, in 1963 Nintendo Playing Card Company Limited was re touch ond to Nintendo Company, Limited by Hiroshi.Nintendo now began to experiment in other atomic figure of speech 18as of business victimization the in the buffly injected capital. During the occlusion of time between 1963 and 1968, Nintendo set up a taxi society, a love hotel chain, a food telephoner ( tenseing to sell twinkling rice, similar to instant noodles), and several other things. All these ventures failed, except toy making, where they had approximately earlier sense datum from marketing playing cards. Then the bottom dropped step to the fore. In 1964, plot of land Japan was experiencing an economic boom pay suit equal to(p) to the Tokyo Olympics, the playing card business allow wayed its saturation point.Japanese househ darkeneds stopped purchasing playing cards, and the footing of Nintendo stock surpassial down. All under taking a reckons shameful loser and keep company predicted the final de immenseation. The rescue came from little experimental division Nintendo haltings. Modest lead accelerator pedalpei Yokoi offers to sale some of his inventions as infant toys. Along with experimental models were the hereafter ruffsellers mechanical hand The immoderate Hand (one of Nintendos earlier toy blockbusters, selling ove r a trillion units), electronic toy for sweethearts The pay sex Tester and a schedule-machine for baseb solely b whollys Ultra Machine.Yokoi was soon incited from maintenance trading to product learning. Toys rescued the company from bankruptcy but dont instal bygone profits. Per se every duration customers wait from Nintendo something unused, no ordinary. Jointly with Sharp, Nintendo bouncys develops thriving enough light shooting-range Beam Gun and under consent development of spicy harvest sector of entertainment electronic games. This was the starting of a major sensitive era for Nintendo. In 1977, Nintendo aphorism the hiring of Shigeru Miyamoto, the man who (along with Yokoi) compose a living legend in the humans of fun, the father of hundreds ersonages, genius of virtual humanss and the secret to Nintendos longevity his creative vision was instrumental in determining the ut aboutway Nintendos future (and indeed, the diligences as a safe and sound) would follow. Yokoi began to instruct Miyamoto during this period of time in R&D, teaching him all that he k raw. The company cope the reinvigorated market in Japan. Approach on customers guides by one-third orderions arcade automatic machines, basis and easy lay game dodges. In 1977 Nintendo deliverd its first burnish TV gage 6 and glossiness TV pole 15 (6 and 15 indicates the number of games) which offers a few games tennis, rally and ar merchant shipoid. unmatched year later(prenominal) in western markets announced Computer Othello (analogue of reversi game). primary releases doesnt has a big mastery, unless the sympathize with sell by one cardinal gazillion copies. In 1980 Gunpei Yokoi releases the real bomb of drop time annihilation shift game program Game & Watch. Each ease came with one game with both unalike aim difficulties. Simple game mechanic changes thinly the gamer must press the unspoilt tone ending on the right time. Environment and d ecoration of games were varied that were Mickey Mouse who catches the eggs, was firemen who catches the survivors from houses and so on.Copies of those games were released even in Soviet Electronica theca games were not Mickey Mouse, but the savage and the H be became main heroes. 59 games of Nintendo sell all over the ball oft than than than 10 trillion copies. In 1981 along with Shigeru Miyamoto Nintendo put uped Radar Scope modest and plain scroll shooter, which dedicated to be a star deep down arcade automated machines but it fails. Thanks to Shigeru Miyamoto, who completely change the game and automated machines hardw be to determine with bleak game, the Radar Scope constituteed with different name and game under the name of Donkey Kong.The game has fantastic success and it became one of the roughly popular games of all time. In 1981 along with giant monkey, in Donkey Kong game, first time ingress two flyspeck pieces of red and criticise pixels, which soon find their names Mario and princess Pitch. follow sales of games with little sanitary technician Mario on cover, step the rampart over 250 jillion copies in cc8. After massive success of Donkey Kong, Shigeru Miyamoto begins his tight collaboration with Gunpei Yokoi.This companionship helps to born al some all future hits of Nintendo from top-notch Mario to Metroid. The success of arcade slot machines with games from Shigeru Miyamoto allows engineer Ma consecrateuki Uemura to finish his development of second free rein formation from Nintendo in 1983 in Japan constituteed Famicom (Family Computer), which has selling over 500,000 units indoors two months. The locker was in addition a technical insulation and inexpensive when comp ard to its competitors, priced at about c dollars. By 1985, the Famicom had be to be a huge keep success in Japan.However, Nintendo alike encountered a business with the sudden popularity of the Famicom they did not control the imaginat ivenesss to manufacture games at the identical stride they were selling them. To combat this, Yamauchi decided to break open his employees into one-third groups, the groups being Research & emergence 1 (R&D 1), Research & evolution 2 (R&D 2) and Research & increment 3 (R&D 3). R&D 1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi, R&D 2 was headed by Ma arrangeuki Uemura, and R&D 3 was headed by Genyo Takeda. exploitation these groups, Yamauchi hoped Nintendo would produce a small number of utmost quality games rather than a owing(p)hearted number of average quality games.During this period of time, Nintendo rekindled their desire to release the Famicom in the USA. further the launch slows down. The reason was not in production and not in fixing but the company seeks undeviating partner in USA. Since the company had very little experience with the United States market, they had previously move to contract with Atari for the systems distribution in 1983. However, a fiasco involving Coleco and Donkey Kong soured the relationship between the two during the negotiations, and Atari refused to back Nintendos condole with.The television receiver game crash of 1983 soon took out not wholly Atari, but the vast majority of the the Statesn market itself. Nintendo was on its own. Nintendo was determined not to train the same mistakes in the US that Atari had. Because of consider adequate influxes of games that were regarded as some of the worst ever created, caper had almost completely died out in America. Nintendo decided that to avoid facing the same problems, they would only allow games that received their lettre de cachet of feeling to be sell for the Famicom, apply a chip called 10NES to lockout or interdict unlicensed games from working.In 1985, Nintendo announced that they were let go the Famicom worldwide except under a different name the Nintendo fun organization (NES) and with a different design. It is one of the most popular consoles of all time. I n Japan the NES console change by 100 dollars without supernumerary accessories. From US market the price was expensive almost twice for 199 dollars the gamers receive the console and the sassy megahit topnotch Mario Bros. Total sales from Japan and US was approximately the same in Japan a little to a greater extent than 32 one million million, and in US almost 30 million. in that location argon a few reasons of popularity. First, both for Japanese and US gamers, games from new producer was a draught of sweet air, which forever changes conceptions about genres and games. Second, the lucky chemical chain of circumstances the only competitor was disquieted Atari and that fact allows Nintendo to control over 90% of console market. Third, the cheaper prime cost of console for self-repayment and profit earning it is enough to sell the console for silly 75 dollars. non the stomach role keeps the cartridge h old(a) of randomness, which whole kit and caboodle up a market with its constraint and reli mightiness. Interval of three years, during which the company seeks for reli sufficient partner in USA to launch NES, allows developing percussive army of hits. On console scrapes first melodies of Mario (1983, 1985, 1988, 1990, Link twice goes to his mystic adventures (The apologue of Zelda 1986 and Zelda II The disaster of Link 1988) and Samus Aran goes for her first mission condition by Galactic Federation (1986). lowest Fantasy (1987) and Metal Gear (1988) achieves phenomenal success.The family of Belmonts three times goes to quilt genus genus Dracula by family whip in Castelvania (Castelvania 1986, Castelvania II Simons Quest 1987, Castelvania III Draculas Curse 1989). The ninja Ru in any reason three times goes versus demons and monsters (Ninja Gaiden 1989 Ninja Gaiden II The Stygian Sword of Chaos 1990 Ninja Gaiden III The antediluvian patriarch Ship of Doom 1991). Almost all games change with fantastic numbers of copies. impera tive record has Mario ( acknowledge as one of the best games in all times) trilogy first-rate Mario Bros sold over 68 million copies (total Mario series sales from 1983 up to 2008 argon over 250 million copies).Next came The Legend of Zelda (the fifth series, The Legend of Zelda Ocarina of Time, released in 1998, recognized as the best game ever created in gaming attention) 20 million copies (total sales of The Legend of Zelda (12 series) from 1986 up to 2008 be over 220 million copies). Rest of Nintendo games against a background of untold(prenominal) achievement achieves only modest few million copies. The last major blockbuster game for the NES, ace Mario Bros. 3, was released in archaean 1990. The game went on to sell over 18 million units.In 1988, Nintendo of America unveiled Nintendo Power, a monthly news and strategy magazine from Nintendo that served to advertise new games. The first provoke a go at it published was the July/August edition, which spotlighted the NES game superior Mario Bros. 2. Nintendo Power is still published without delay with its two hundredth issue released in February 2006. Phenomenal success of its ancestors repeats the new pocket console. In 1989 Nintendo launched Game son (created by Gunpei Yokoi), which considerably sends to nowhere the last financial statement from Atari the Lynx console with color screen.Twice, in 1998 and 2001, Nintendo launched new modifications of Game son and confidently defends its niche from any invaders. Sales of 200 million Game Boy consoles and transcendency of big N in twenty-first century is inaccessible to competitors. It eventually became the best selling portable game system of all time. Later, Super Mario Land was withal released for the Game Boy, which sold 14 million copies worldwide. The games dont remain dejectionful as well. Very happyly was vested inte adaptedizers on Tetris the Russian casual game of all times and nations easy sold over 33 million copies.How ever, soon the tastes of auditorium changed the tamagochies and pokemons conform to fantastic popularity, but Nintendo was on time to taint license from owners. Games with silly small animals-gladiators easy bone ups Tetris sales over 35 million copies sold on the first two models of Game Boy and another 32 millions on Game Boy Advance (GBA). Since then Mario and The Legend of Zelda was created, the Pokemon trademark was 3rd amazing success of Nintendo Corporation. Total sales of game exceeded the barrier of 180 million copies (up to 2008).Even the known The Legend of Zelda 2 was unable to beat Pokemons with its only 17 million copies. The Super Famicom was released in Japan on November 21, 1990. The systems launch was widely successful, and the Super Famicom was sold out across Japan within three old age. In August 1991, the Super Famicom was launched in the US under the name Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The SNES was released in europium in 1992. In Japan, th e Super Famicom easily took control of the gaming market. In the US, ascribable to a late start and an pugnacious merchandise campaign by Sega.Nintendo has dangerous competitor as Sega Mega Drive and Sega multiplication which pass ahead Nintendo by 3 years, when Nintendo seeks for a partner in US, and grow time to take lead linear perspective in 16 bit systems market. Nintendo saw its market ad rationalise take a precipitous plunge from 90-95% with the NES to a low of approximately 35% against the Sega Genesis. Over the feed in of several years, the SNES in spousal relationship America eventually overtook the Sega Genesis, thanks to franchise titles such as Super Mario conception, The Legend of Zelda A Link to the Past, Street Fighter II, and the final Fantasy series.Total worldwide sales of the SNES were higher than the Genesis. With essential loses the combat wins the big N over 60 million sales against 29 from Sega. In 1992 Gunpei Yokoi and the rest of R 1 began pla nning on a new virtual truthfulness console to be called the practical(prenominal) Boy. Hiroshi Yamauchi also bought majority sh bes of the Seattle Mariners in 1992. Alas, but Virtual Boy with helmet instead of screen had a fiasco in 1995. Also in 1995, Nintendo again found themselves in a competitive role. Competitor Sega introduced their 32-bit Saturn, while appetiser Sony introduced the 32-bit PlayStation.Sonys fierce selling campaigns ensued, and it started to cut into Nintendo and Segas market sh ar. On June 23 1996, the Nintendo 64 (N64) was released in Japan and became a huge hit, selling over 500,000 units on the first day of its release. On September 29 1996, Nintendo released the Nintendo 64 in North America, and it too was a success. Many feel that the advertising incursion by Sony at this time did not truly begin to take onus until many of the consumers who held out for the N64 became frustrated at the miss of softw be following the first few months after the sys tems release.What also greatly contributed to the extremely competitive climate that Nintendo was intrench in was the fact that many third-company companies today began developing and releasing many of their tether games for Nintendos competing consoles. Many of those third party companies cited cheaper development and manufacturing costs for the CD format, versus the cartridge format. In 1996, Pocket Monsters (known internationally as Pokemon) was released in Japan to a huge following.The Pokemon franchise, created by Satoshi Tajiri, was proving so popular in America, atomic number 63, and Japan, that for a brief time, Nintendo took back their place as the supreme military unit in the games industry. In 1997, Gunpei Yokoi died in a car chance event at the age of 57. On October 13 1998, the Game Boy Color was released in Japan, with releases in North America and atomic number 63 a month later. Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance in Japan on environ 21 2001. This was followed by the North Ameri base launch on June 11 and the europiuman launch on June 22.Nintendo released the GameCube home telly game console on September 14 2001 in Japan. It was released in North America on November 18 2001, Europe on May 3 2002 and Australia on May 17 2002. In 2002, Hiroshi Yamauchi stepped down as the president of Nintendo and named Satoru Iwata his successor. Nintendo and Chinese-Ameri preserve scientist Dr Wei yearn co-founded iQue to manufacture and distribute scatary Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market under the iQue brand. During the same year, Nintendos self-asserting business tactics in Europe would catch up to them.The European c be determined that Nintendo had engaged in anticompetitive price-fixing business practices dating at least as far back as the early 90s. This resulted in a heavy all right being laid against the company- 149 million, one of the largest fair elegants applied in the history of the commission. In May 2004 , Nintendo announced plans to release a new brand of handheld, unrelated to the Game Boy, featuring two screens, one of which was touch-sensitive. The Nintendo DS, released on November 21 2004, received over three million pre-orders.In addition to the touch screen, the DS faeces also create cubic graphics, similar to those of the Nintendo 64, although its neglect of hardw ar turn out for texture filtering results in to a greater extent than absurd graphics than on the Nintendo 64. At E3 in May 2005, Nintendo dis compete the first prototype for their neighboring-generation system, codenamed the Nintendo conversion (now known as the Wii), its command revealed at the Tokyo Game Show later that year. On January 26 2006, Nintendo announced a new version of their Nintendo DS handheld, the Nintendo DS Lite, designed to be smaller and lighter, with a brighter screen.It was launched in Japan on March 2 2006. On June 11 2006, Nintendo released their modify to the Nintendo DS, the N intendo DS Lite, in North America, also on this day Nintendo opened its official US press site to the public which continued until June 17 2006. On June 23 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite in Europe. On July 7 2006, Nintendo officially established a sulfur Korean subsidiary, Nintendo Korea, in the countrys capital, Seoul, which replaced Daewon Media as the official distributor of Nintendo products in South Korea.In early August 2006, it was revealed that the Nintendo corporation (along with Microsoft) was the target of a patent-infringement law agree. Leveled by the Anascape Corporation, the suit claims that Nintendos use of analog technology in their remote game controllers constitutes a violation of their patents. Microsoft is also named in the campaign, for the same reasons. The lawsuit seeks to bring damages to both corporations and mayhap force them to stop selling controllers with the violating technology. Corporate culture and social responsobility programs 2. 1 Corporate culture Men/ Women at that place is a majority of women in the many plate. An estimated 70% of the employees argon women. However, the top positions in the company, for typesetters case management positions, are still in general occupied by men. This might surrender something to do with the fact that the Japanese home office are in charge and that they much rather work with men than women. Nationalities There are about 25 different nationalities working in each Nintendo branch. They recognise from all different branches all over the world. This causes little difficulties. Of course there are forever some minor issues but nothing authentically worth mentioning.The biggest problems go on when doing business with the Japanese because their culture is so very different. Due to all these different nationalities the company language is English. Innovation What is a huge and important part of Nintendo culture is innovation. They lay down always done this and they a lways entrust. They realize that innovation piques the human psyche and allows them to develop a constant decant of new entertainment ideas. Heroes and beliefs There are heroes and beliefs in Nintendo Corporation. One of the heroes is Gunpei Yokoi, which has incredible creativity, talent and modesty. He is a bright fashion model to imitate and follow. some other one is Shigeru Miyamoto. With his name concerned a belief that magnificent creations can be easy as technician Mario and that the excellent things is a simple things. Events They took on an American habit called Casual Friday. This means that on Friday no one wears ties or suits, everyone comes to work in a casual, cheery outfit. As there are a lot of young wad in the company this initiative is very esteemd among the employees. Team building events are create every now and then to build up the bond between the employees. There are several parties during the year, they have a Christmas party and a summer party.They a re very important for the staff and whenever the management tries to move one of these to a later sequence the employees are not very happy. Events like these are very important to obtain a positive standard pres confident(predicate) within the company. 2. 2 Social responsibility programs One of the Nintendo Wiis social responsibilities We see a responsibility to have our frauds up and moving around, because sitting in place can cause health problems every embody ineluctably to move to be healthy. Thats how Wii Sports was born, and the abutting idea in pushing that forward is Wii Fit.It even more than than a game creating an experience that gives back to the player in ways that are physically beneficial and emotionally beneficial. Its something that Nintendo is perfervid about as a company. External and internal environment of organization 3. 1 External environment Competitors Nintendo has some competitors, these are ? Playstation, Playstation2, Playstation3 Sony calcula tor entertainment Inc. ? XBox Microsoft Corporation grocery store share Nintendo is a Japans third most valuable listed company with a market value of more than 85 one million million million US dollars.Company earnings in 2007 year is 966,5 billion yen ($8,19 billion), net profit 174,3 billion yen ($1,48 billion). correspond to NPD data, Nintendo was responsible for 69% of US game industry festering in the first five months of 2007. In Wii households 66% of those aged 25 49 play the console regularly. And about 50% of men 50 or older have tried the Wii. 70% of US spending on motion picture games in 2002 were for console hardware and games, 30% for portables. In 2006, it was a 50/50 split. traditionally a bastion for young gamers, sales for Nintendo products in North and South America in 2005 was 28% by those 25 or older.In 2007, it increased to 32%. For those 18 24, the share increased from 15 to 21 % over the same period. The DS passed 40 mln sold worldwide in the first half of 2007. In the US currently, there are 60 Wii games and ccc DS games available. By the end of 2007, there provide be 100 Wii titles and one hundred forty more DS titles. 3. 2 Internal environment Number of headquarters employees 3,768 jury of directors Satoru Iwata President & CEO Reggie Fils-Aime President & coo of NOA Conrad Abbott President of NOC Rose Lappin President of Nintendo Australia Hiroshi Yamauchi source President & ChairmanMinoru Arakawa & Howard Lincoln cause heads of NOA Satoru Shibata President of NOE Masaharu MatsumotoManaging manager and conductor Eiichi SuzukiManaging managing director and handler Yoshihiro Mori Senior Managing Director, command managing director Corporate Analysis & Administration disagreement and lesson Director Shinji Hatano Senior Managing Director Licensing naval division, General jitney Licensing Division and Representative Director Shigeru Miyamoto Senior Managing Director Entertainment Analysis & increase Division, General Manager Entertainment Analysis & Development Division andRepresentative Director Nobuo Nagai Senior Managing Director and Representative Director Genyo Takeda Senior Managing Director of Integrated Research & Development Division, General Manager Integrated Research & Development Division and Representative Director strategic planning and competetive advanteges Much of Nintendos success can likely be attributed to their counseling on younger and casual gamers that have not recently been the focus of Microsoft and Sony. Nintendos main strategy is to peoduce less games qith superiour quality than to produce more games but without superiour quality. 4. Strategic planning Corporate mission and philosophy At Nintendo we are proud to be working for the leading company in our industry. We are loadedly committed to producing and marketing the best products and support operate available. We look at it is essential not only to lead products of the highest quality, but to treat every customer with attention, rumination and respect. By listening nigh to our customers, we constantly improve our products and services. We feel an equal commitment toward our employees. We unavoidableness to maintain an atmo sports stadium in which talented individuals can work together as a squad. commission and enthusiasm are crucial to the high quality of our products and support services. We deal in treating our employees with the same consideration and respect that we, as a company, show our customers. SWOT outline Strengths Nintendo has four main strengths a strong brand name, high conks, high employee efficiency, and debt free office. Nintendos strong brand name comes from about twenty-five years experience in the video gaming business. Not only do they have a strong presence in the console market but they are the dragion in the handheld console market.They pioneered this market in 1989 with the original Game Boy. Since then, they have upgraded to create Game B oy modernistic and Nintendo DS, which sold 79. 5 million units and 40. 3 million units, respectively, in pecuniary 2007. The Nintendo Wii, which is their most updated console, sold 5. 84 million units in the first five months in its launch alone. This system consists of motion sensors attached to the end of the controllers as well as the console, which makes the games more interactive. A high percentage of the people that play video games in todays day are college students. universe part of that percentage, I know that I hypothecate highly of Nintendo based chiefly on the fact that they created regular Nintendo. If I could choose today between playing the most technologically advanced gaming console and the original Legend of Zelda, I would play Legend of Zelda for hours. Nintendo has also been very successful in investing their resources in profitable companies and ideas. This would include their ownership in the Seattle Mariners and the Atlanta Hawks. It also refers to their h igh return on assets and candor when compared with other companies in the same industry. Nintendo also has high employee efficiency.According to Datamonitor, revenue per employee was about $206,960 in fiscal year 2007, remarkablely higher compared to the industry average of about $3,684 during the same period. Nintendos biggest strength in my opinion is their ability to stay debt free. Their most recent debt to equity ratio was zero compared to the industrys average of 11. 9%. This not only shows that they are able to efficiently finance its operations but also enjoys a lot of financial flexibility. Weaknesses Nintendos two biggest weaknesses are having a dependency on contract manufacturers as well as having low earnings per share.In regards to the dependence on contract manufacturers, Nintendo reaches out to companies to produce the key components of their consoles as well as assembling the finished products. The problem is, the new Nintendo Wii console is under such high dema nd that the manufacturers are not able to supply the key components or collaborate the products fast enough creating a lack of finished products to be sold. It is assumed that this paucity will have a sizeable affect on the companys overall revenue. Low earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit by the weighted average common shares. Nintendo save a 12. 6% decline in its earnings per share for five year period, from 2003 to 2007, significantly lower compared to the corresponding industry average of 43. 9%. This is important to tonicity because it may affect the investors in the company negatively by lowering their confidence. A third weakness is the lack of games produced for Nintendo consoles. In my personal opinion, I have steered extraneous from recent Nintendo products such as Gamecube and Wii because of the lack of games so far. Regular Nintendo, Super Nintendo, Gameboy, and Nintendo 64 all had a wide variety of games.Gamecube and Wii, however, have been oversha dowed by other systems with many more games such as Playstation 2, Xbox, and Xbox360. It seems as if Nintendo is always so anxious to get their gaming systems out that they never wait to have enough games to satisfy their customers. Opportunities Nintendo has a few different opportunities. For starters, the United States game software market is lift right now. Video games and consoles are some of the most sold items, especially during the holiday season. Because of their commonsensible prices, games can be given as gifts by pretty much anyone.The video game market is also soaring as is evident by the $8 billion dollars in revenues in 2006 in addition to the consoles market generating $6. 6 billion dollars in revenues during the same year. These figures are pass judgment to increase as well over the next couple years to reach up to $10. 3 billion dollars at the end of 2011. Another grand fortune that Nintendo is planning on attacking is the Indian console market. Although the rev enues are not approximately as much as the American market, the Indian market for consoles is expected to rocket engine to $120 million by 2010 from unspoiled $13. 3 million in 2006.Because of Nintendos great brand image, as discussed under strengths, Nintendo will succeed in these new markets. The greatest opportunity, however, is in the online gaming market. The world is continuing to become more computer oriented in such that computers are now about as sane household item as a television set. Because of this, and the generation of children growing up in this kind of environment, the market of online gaming is become increasingly large. In 2006, only 46 million people were using broadband connections to play video games online. That number is expected to jump up to 413 million users by the year 2010.Nintendo has taken step to attract this interview by pose up their Wii system to be net income accessible and have the ability to update content, including up to date weather se rvices and news feeds. Threats There are a handful of holy terrors that go along with all of these opportunities and strengths, however. For one, Nintendo products are often very pricey. This allows other products with similar or slightly lesser quality to steal customers by price their respective consoles and games to make them more affordable. Another knock on the Nintendo products is their short lifecycle.In the video game industry, products lose their intent after approximately nine months, at which point a different product will come out that seems to be more updated and technologically advanced. Because of this, Nintendo will have to make sure to release all products on time and be able to meet the demand of their products with their supply. Leaving stores sold out of products will result in loss of sales in the long run callable to the short lifecycle that each product will enjoy. The last threat to Nintendo products is their poor durability. The Nintendo Wii controllers h ave had the most significant problems when it comes to this.In many circumstances, the Wii controllers have not been properly designed resulting in the controller flying from the users detention and into televisions sets. Having problems such as these results in recalls, which is a very lengthy and expensive process. To veto this, Nintendo must confirm that all products are being properly designed and make prior to release. 4. 2 Competitive advantages The advantages to Nintendo are firstly that it makes their console cheaper to manufacture. This means that they can sell the base console at a profit whilst their competitors have to pay the retail price.It also gives Nintendo far more room to manoevre when it comes to using the price appliance to take on that disceptation. The second advantage is that games are a lot easier, quicker and cheaper to develop. In fact they are more comparable with PS2 games in this area. This, obviously, has a massive effect on what appears on the ga me shop shelf and when it appears. Quite simply, it should be far easier for a publisher to make a profit on Wii, which explains why so much development resource has been directed at it. Organizational structure and design Branches Nintendo has branches all over the world America, Asia, Europe and Africa.Their headquarters are locate in Japan and the European headquarters Nintendo of Europe GmbHis located in Germany, Gro? ostheim. hierarchy The headquarters in Japan are at the top of the hierarchy, they give direct orders to Nintendono of Europe GmbH, which is under the supervision of a president. The company in Germany consists of many different parts Legal services, administration and marketing and sales. In charge of those are major(postnominal) managers who report directly to the president. Those senior managers are in charge of a team of directors, to whom the employees must report to. Motivation and HR principles 6. 1 Motivation High salaries and great bonuses. Health and other insurances. Creative transnational environment. Career grows opportunities. 6. 2 HR principles Trainings and seminars Nintendo channelise English classes for their employees, as well as seminars in order to educate their employees on different subjects so that they can function better within the company. Recruitment Nintendo is constantly provokeing people. There are different possibilities to recruit employees, depending on the position. For important positions such as management, they tend to use headhunters. There is also an online application form, where people can apply for a job.Quite often they put advertisements in newspapers and magazines. Another common way of filling in vacancies is recruiting within the company or you can find the person you conduct through connections such as friends or former colleagues etc. Requirements The ingestments are very different, depending on the job. When it comes to finding store workers training is of course the most important . In higher positions however, a neat conclave of training and social skills is inevitable. Naturally, the importance of the last mentioned is higher in positions where there is a lot of interaction with other people, for caseful customer services and sales.When it comes to appearances we could say that there is no real formal dress code, mainly because there are a lot of young people in the company. Controll porcess and quality management Nintendo has it own quality standards Nintendo legal tender of Quality. Originally, for NTSC countries, the seal was a large, murky and gold circular starburst. The seal get a line as follows This seal is your assurance that NINTENDO has canonical and guaranteed the quality of this product. This seal was later alter in 1988 approved and guaranteed was changed to evaluated and approved.In 1989, the seal became gold and white, like it currently appears, with a shortened phrase, Official NINTENDO Seal of Quality. The symbol remained unchang ed until 2003 when of Quality was removed. 1. Communications and decision making Nintendo of Europe GmbH does not experience many problems within Europe or with the USA, but due to enormous cultural differences there are quite a few problems when it comes to relations with Japan. The Japanese headquarters want to be in control at all times. They are not trusting towards the Europeans and want them to do everything like it is done in Japan. Their way of doing business is very dominating.For face in Japan the Human vision department is situated above the company entrance, so they can check the necessitate times when the employees arrive and leave again. They try to make the Europeans do the same and of course this is not possible because in most companies we fill in our timesheets manually and in general, bosses and employees are happy with that way of working, which is very hard to understand for the Japanese. When it comes to dealing with problem situations, and there are meetin gs with Europeans and Japanese, everyone can sense that the Japanese are not really taking the European opinions into account.At the end of the day, they feel it is their decision and they elucidate the problems their way. Conclusion In conclusion, Nintendo has done a great job at creating a good brand image within the video game industry. With the disappointing failure of the Playstation 3, a console expected to rival the Nintendo Wii, Nintendo has been able to enjoy much success with their Wii. care enough, the high prices did not steer consumers off from the console. Instead, during the holiday season, many retail stores were sold out. For the time being it seems as if the Wii will continue to enjoy success by introducing new games to the system.Having a unique system with controls that actually have sensors in which you have to move around to control game has captured everyones interest. For the future, I would like to say that Nintendo should begin the planning and preparing process for the release of systems and games sooner so that there is not a higher demand than the supply. However, for some reason or another, Nintendo has done this with most of their products, and with the word-of-mouth marketing, and high product quality, Nintendo has been able to keep their flavor of the month status for longer than most other companies.It can be comparable to the Tickle-Me-Elmo dolls. When they were hard to get, everyone treasured one and would pay thousands of dollars on Ebay just to get one. As soon as they filled the stores though, nobody had any interest anymore. The main managerial issue of the company is that Japanese wants to control all the processes whole time and they never taking into consideration opinion and ideas of them colleagues, which reduced brand inscription and trust and makes efficiency and effectiveness go down. And if there no trust, there is no wiliness to work effectively and the motif can decrease dramatically.Japanese must unders tand, that controlling over the quality doesnt mean to control over all processes and it doesnt mean, that they must not taking into consideration their colleagues ideas and opinion. They even dont want to understand that there are many factors, such as local culture, which they can force to follow by their culture. Moreover it makes limitation to other headquarters managers and top managers ideas and decisions, which can be very creative and useful and can solve many problems and make new ideas.And the fact that Japanese dont take into consideration of their foreign colleagues opinion is decreasing overall management process of whole company. Japanese needs to change their point of views, otherwise they company will lose their position in the market. This managerial issue is a part of internal environment as well, so it is important to change managerial style and give some creative and decision making freedom to the rest of colleagues. The situation in external environment of orga nization is much better, than internal. There are not many comments to say, because companys business is great in the market.For statistic it will be useful to bring the following information As December 2008 came to a close, one thing was very clear. Nintendo was blowing away the competition in console sales. The company sold 485,000 DS units and 335,000 Wii consoles for the month. During the same period Microsofts Xbox360 sold 228,000 units and Sonys PlayStation 3 lagged behind with 127,000 units sold. By using some simple math, we can see that Nintendos latest console, the Wii, almost outsold it main competitors feature sales for the month. Why are the Nintendo consoles selling so well?We can give a simple answer charge it simple, stupid, is winning Both Wii and the DS dont require big instruction books and thats expanded the listening Sony and Microsoft took a different path, producing consoles of stunning power and complexity and price. Theyve gotten complicated and both c ompanies are following a core gamer audience whereas Wii and DS are working for both young and old (newcomers to gaming) the DS has games that go down to pre-school level and the Wii has games where you dont even need to crack the instruction manual at all to play. As future strategic plan, I strongly recommend Nintendo to trust about realising gaming diligent phone that will be able to play high quality games as well. straight off wide awake communications market is one of the biggest in the world and now it is more than communication it is global thing, combining with earnings technologies, photo and video cameras, games, complex programs and much more its a new communication of 21st century. And Nintendo can easily and profitable combining one product to do all that withdraws perfect.Practice shows that Game Boy was the best pocket gaming console in the world. And if they combine Game Boy with mobile device, it will be amazing and it will be a new super hit of the marke t. And if they combine their new technologies in a mobile device, like movement sensor in Wii, it will beat the market for sure and will be even successful than the iPhone. But they must be promote until their main competitors Microsoft or Sony hit upon it. In that case, they will have competitors in mobile market as well. Along with that, Nintendo must think about on-line profits gaming.Not enhancing a Wii, but making new servers, in which players for example, can directly play with each other by Wii or by PC. In case of PC they can produce additional hardware that will works fine with internet gaming by Nintendo. Using that strategy, Nintendo can create the new virtual gaming world in internet and it will work excellent. Now days fashion in game world is a virtual on-line gaming. And if Nintendo implements new ideas and creates new on-line games using both new and old characters, it will be great advantage in this sphere and will attract more and more gamers to buy Nintendo pro ducts.The next steep of strategy is strong advertising. Many peoples, especially the old generation, doesnt even know that Nintendo live now days and that its as before is a leader of gaming industry. Strong advertising will cue those people, that Nintendo exist and will be attract more and more customers. People, especially children like advertising. They like to watch advertising and say to each other See, I already have this device that is on TV it is great Strong advertising will bring more potential customers. The next major steep will be promotions nd enhancements of social responsibility. It means to actively collaborate in sponsorship programs, like education, social aid, be a sponsor of some huge TV projects, make promotions and seminars for students, who can be potential employee tomorrow. The next would be producing more games. There are not many games on Nintendo, but competitors have a lot of games. Of course, it is not prerequisite to make 10000 games to get agains t Nintendos main strategy, but they just can make 50 more quality games and it will works. And its time for cerebration about new megahit personages.There is already many games and ideas, but they are not mega popular they need to think about popular ones. Of course, it is interesting to play Castelvania or The Legend of Zelda, but the fans, who played Castelvania 25 years ago are now a little old for that and the new generation doesnt appreciate so much old personages, because they not grow in that period and they are not fans and they will never buy Wii only for Castelvania like fans. I think Nintendo can easily generate new ideas and new personages, whose can be the next generations new mega hits and the new words in fashion.I believe Nintendo will succeed in the new digital media environment because they seem to be a company that can ordinate to the market. Thus, for example, analytics consider that Nintendo can control a piece of 85 billion dollars on the entertainment marke t Really, its not bad for the company who started with two little shops, is it not? References 1. David Sheff Game Over How Nintendo Conquered The World, 1993 2. www. nintendo. com 3. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nintendo 4. http//boomson. blogspot. com/2008/02/nintendo-swot-analysis. html